Constructing Names from Chinese Characters (漢字)

Constructing an Okinawan (Ryukyu) Name for the SCA College of Heralds.

by Choi Min, last updated 2023.03.17

Introduction

A lot about Japanese and Chinese names have been covered by Mistress Sǫlveig Þrándardóttir and Master Ii Katsumori 井伊勝盛.  However I recognize that Mistress Solveig's book is not accessible online, and Master Ii is not focused on the heraldic sector. So my goal is to make a concise(?) explanation that is geared towards consulting and commenting heralds, and hopefully it also helps any submitters and non-SCAdians who stumble across it as well. This will be focused on Japanese and Chinese names because that is the bulk of what comes through as far as East Asia goes, but I will try to touch on other languages as I learn more.  On paper, I have six semesters of Japanese, and one semester of Chinese Calligraphy/Writing systems from my University degree, but I have done a lot of linguistic reading since Uni, and am trying to learn Korean in my free time. As I am writing this I am also running it by various SCAdians who have more linguistic experience than me; their names are Henric of Drachenwald, and Situ Zeming 司徒澤銘 of Ansteorra.  Situ is contributing some writing to this page, and has a B.A. in Linguistics as well as a B.A. in Chinese Language and Culture.  Also, somewhat amazingly and conveniently, someone is going through English Wikipedia as I am trying to compile this (late Sept and early Oct 2022) and is providing meticulous detail to the Korean, Japanese, and Ryukyuan language history Wiki's with good-looking citations, so if you need more detail please look into those (and I now have too many new books to get).  I will do my best to explain below with a specifically SCA Heraldic lens (both for client-facing heralds and admin-level heralds). 

Yours in Service, Choi Min 崔敏

Ryukyu Names

Until I get my hands on the books cited here, this section will pull from this newly constructed Wikipedia page on Okinawan names (most recent edit was on 16 Sept 2022, and I checked 10 Oct 2022) - Choi Min

"People with different social statuses bore different kinds of names, maintained several names to use in different occasions, and sometimes changed them in their lifetime. Okinawan names underwent great changes after the Ryūkyū Kingdom fell under the Satsuma Domain's control."

The 

For our purposes, we will focus on use of warabi-naa and kamei, then optionally adding a nanui, then how to romanize.

大和名 Yamatu-naa Japanese (Yamato) style name        唐名 Kara-naa Chinese name 童名 warabi-naa Childhood name    家名 kamei Family name    位階 ikai Title/Rank    名乗 nanui Given name    姓 sii Surname    諱 imina Given name 思五良 Umi-guraa    玉城 Tamagusuku    親方 Uwekata    朝薫 Chōkun    向 Shō    受祐 Juyū

Warabi-naa

"Warabi-naa (warabe-na/warabi-naa, 童名) were personal names. For example, the warabi-naa of Tamagusuku Chōkun was Umi-guraa (思五良). Warabi-naa were most prevalent among Okinawans, from the king to commoners, both male and female. They were the oldest component of Okinawan names as, like people in mainland Japan, the inhabitants of Ryukyu islands did not originally have names for families, clans or lineages. They were used as the official names during the early era of the Ryukyu Kingdom. They appeared even in appointment letters by the king, written mostly in hiragana. It was during the 17th century that other name components prevailed among the pechin class."

"A set of warabi-naa appeared in the very beginning of recorded history and has not been changed since then. The number of warabi-naa pooled in society was extremely small. It was not uncommon for a warabi-naa to be shared by more than one person in a household. The first male child was usually named after his paternal grandfather.  For example, the last king Shō Tai had the warabi-naa Umi-jiraa-gani (思次良金), which was also the name of his grandfather Shō Kō." 

Kamei

"Even in the Old Ryukyu era, social development led Okinawans to acquire names other than warabi-naa for disambiguation. Kamei (家名) or Yaa-n-naa (家の名), both meaning "family name," were often attached to warabi-naa. Kamei were toponyms, either the domains they ruled or the places of their origin. For example, an inscription of the Old Ryukyu era contains a personal name, Mafuto-kane Ufusato no Ufu-yakumoi (まふとかね 大さとの大やくもい), where Mafuto-kane (Mafutu-gani) was a warabi-naa, Ufusato (Ufusatu) was a place associated with him, and Ufu-yakumoi (Ufu-yakumui) was the title he was given.[5]

In the naming conventions after the separation of the Peichin class from peasants, only the Pechin class was allowed to have kamei. Because the vast majority of the Pechin families lacked domains to rule, they inherited fixed kamei. In contrast, an upper class member used the name of the fief he was given by the king. This means that his kamei was changed every time a different land was allotted."

"In early times, kamei were written predominantly in hiragana. After the invasion of the Ryūkyū Kingdom by Japan's Satsuma Domain in 1609, the Japanese-style use of Chinese characters (kanji) was adopted. The Keichō Land Surveys of 1609-1611 probably conventionalized to some degree the choice of kanji for place names, and thus surnames based on them. In 1625 the Satsuma Domain instituted a ban on the use of Japanese-looking family names (大和めきたる名字の禁止, Yamato-mekitaru myōji no kinshi). As a result, the kanji used to write kamei changed from characters that were common in Japan to new, unique character combinations. For example, the name 東 (Higashi) was often changed to 比嘉 (Figa) or 比謝 (Fija), the name 前田 (Maeda) to 真栄田 (the same reading), 福山 (Fukuyama) to 譜久山 (the same reading), etc.[6]"

"Officially, commoners did not have kamei. At some point in history, commoners in the capital region, Shuri and Naha, started to assume kamei. However, kamei of commoners were differentiated verbally and in writing. The last syllable of a commoner's kamei was lengthened (e.g. Arakachii) while that of a Pechin was not (e.g. Arakachi). For commoners, his warabi-naa is written first and is followed by his kamei. For example, Taraa (warabi-naa) from Yamagushiku was written as たら山城 (Taraa Yamagushiku).[4]


Commoners in rural areas unofficially used names for households, which were also called Yaa-n-naa (屋の名). They were similar to yagō, private family names used by commoners in Japan.[1]"

Nanui


Putting it all together


References

https://okinawanonline.tumblr.com/post/620093259812831232/how-to-write-okinawan 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawan_language this wiki for a phonetics chart

https://www.jlect.com/ this dictionary for Ryukyu pronunciation of Kanji/Nouns. 

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